Dr: Schmarsow's book is of more interest to the student of the history of art, than to those interested in its psychology or is philosophical tea-' thetioa. Hi a general standpoint, not without divergence in matters of detail, is that of Alois Biehl, in his Stilfragen and Beilrage rur Aetthetik der bildenden KiXnate, who sees in the work of art " das Besultat eines bestimmten and zweckbewussten Kanstwollens, das sich im Kampfe mit Gebrauchsxweck, Bohstoff and Technik durchsetzt". The

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... al treatment, which is to be found in chapters iv. to vii. is slight, and is concerned mainly with symmetry and proportion, composition, and rhythm, without making any addition to what has already been written on these subjects. This is of course to be expected in a work professedly only applying what general aesthetic principles have been established to the explanation of the evolution of art-forms. The arts studied are almost entirely sculpture, painting and architecture, and the treatment of the historical relations of these, though again necessarily slight, is perhaps the best thing in the book. A. B. BEOWM. Logiea Formale dedotta dalla considerations di modelli meccanici. By ANNIBALE PA8TOBE, Ldbero docente di Filosofia teoretica nella B. Universita di Genova. Torino, 1906. Pp. xxiii, 268. In this work mechanical models are constructed on a plan which is intended to make the models work for valid moods of the syllogism and not for invalid moods. The author recognises that the syllogism is not' the whole of symbolic logic, and regards his present work as merely a beginning. The models are ingenious and simple, but they work in some cases not commonly admitted as valid, for example 00A in the fourth figure. There is a discussion of these cases which is rather hard to follow; the upshot seems to be that they are valid,.under certain limitations, and that it is as well the models should admit them. The author sums up his results as follows (p. 249): " In substance, I have proved that the method of ideophysioal models has its fertile use, in the examination of logical facts, both as an instrument of demonstration and as an instrument of research. It cannot be denied that the investigations made with the help of models have in many cases not only reconstructed, but rectified and completed the theory of logical relations, with an exactness unknown to the ordinary teaching. Since, therefore, direct proof shows that, by the construction and the very simple working of an apparatus (an experimental model) we do the same thing which might be done less conveniently by reasoning or calculation (a rational model), it follows that the facts which compose the abstract theory may be held to be justified experimentally." We are left in doubt as to how a person who would not assume the elementary principles of deduction could assure himself that his models must illustrate these principles and must work in a certain way. For this reason, the theoretical importance of a logical machine cannot, it would seem, be as great as Dr. Pastore supposes. His view on this point, it should be said, is supported by a general philosophy which is set forth in the first part of the book. B. BUSSBLL.