Evidence for climatic conditions on the continents during the cold stages lies in a number of areas: glacial history, vegetational and faunal history, periglacial history, weathering horizons. Whereas glacial history provides evidence of periods of glacierization within cold stages, palaeontology provides evidence of a variety of climates within cold stages, as does the periglacial evidence, at times when glacierization was not extensive. The definition and history of cold stages is considered.

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... The evidence for climatic change is reviewed, based on the occurrence of periglacial phenomena and fossil floras and faunas, and the problems of interpreting cold-stage climates are considered. Discussion J. R ose (