The little gymnastic exercises arranged for both arms and associated with some nursery rhyme have a certain value, and the mother usually learns them readily, and applies them with the necessary enthusiasm for holding the child's attention. As with the spastic cases, there must be constant vigilance in having the child use the arm in its play and work year after year if a perfect recovery is sought. The task is, however, far easier than with the other types, because there is less danger of

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... doing and but little of wrong-doing. Less watchfulness is required with the obstetric, than with the poliomyolilis subjects, and while, like the spastics they need continual urging, there is usually but one limb to consider, and only a few definite movements to require. As the disinclination to use the arm is inattention, rather than Irue incoordination, it is also more readily overcome. As regards fatigue : the poliomyelitis patient is easily exhausted, even when the case is of long standing, and should always be protected against overdoing. The spastic patient is not so susceptible to fatigue, but the l'aligne should be avoided as a cause of discouragement, if not as a physical harm. The obstetrical arm subject needs consideration only in regard to age,-the tiny baby must be guarded very carefully, the tenyear-old child may be allowed normal activity. The frequency of treatment must be governed by circumstances. The interval can be shorter when the child is visited at. its home than when it has to be carried to an office or hospital. Short treatments daily by the skilled operator for the first two years would be ideal,-three times a week gives very good results, twice a week will accomplish something. Loss than twice a week I do not care to consider. Treatment should continue as long as the child responds to it, with occasional interruptions after the second year. JOSEPH FRAN\l=C;\OIS MALGAIGNE, 1806-1865. Among that galaxy of surgical stars which shone on the horizon of France during the early part of the nineteenth century, none are more justly famous than Malgaigne. Perhaps the times of stress and terror through which France had just passed had something to do with the production of men of such indomitable will and determination as that possessed by the subject of this sketch. Most of the surgeons of note in France at this time rose to eminence after toils and privations almost unbelievable at the present time ; the love of their profession was so great that nothing could turn them from the distant and arduous goal of their ambitions. When we seek to analyze the character of such men certain facts stand out distinctly. Seemingly common to all, we find a capacity for work and a power to overcome obstacles rarely met with at present. It seems doubtful if many of the great surgeons of the present day could put up with the hardships, privations, and often in the earlier years, actual want of some of the necessities of life, and still keep the eternal fires of genius burning bright. Thus we find Velpeau in his early years, living in Paris on nine sous a day. Fortunately for him and his art, this direful slate of affairs did not last a long time. A consideration of the medical training of such men as these brings out another fact, that is, the wonderful grasp of the science of medicine as a whole that was attained in conjunction with the study of surgery. This would be a great aid to many surgeons of the present day; often too prone to fly to the internist for advice concerning matters which it should be their duty to know. Joseph Francois Malgaigne was born at Charmes, department of the Vosges, on February 14th, 1806. His father also was a-physician, being an officer of health of Charmes and also attached to the sixth regiment of foot artillery. Originally the family was of Italian ancestry, and there was noble blood from the mother's side of the family. The Malgaignes were not endowed with any considerable quantity of worldly goods, and the father's ambition was to have his son obtain a position as health officer similar to his own. This, however, did not by any means satisfy the young man's ambitions and led to a family disagreement later. Young Joseph went to Nancy for the first part of his medical education. From here he writes home a long and entertaining letter concerning his studies, which were rigorous in the extreme ; in his enthusiasm and descriptions in this letter we get a hint of what his future accomplishments in medicine might well be. At nineteen years of age he obtained the title of officer of health, but this was not what he wished for in medical attainments, and his determination to go to Paris