This study considers the data assimilation problem in coupled systems, which consists of two components (sub-systems) interacting with each other through certain coupling terms. A straightforward way to tackle the assimilation problem in such systems is to concatenate the states of the sub-systems into one augmented state vector, so that a standard ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) can be directly applied. In this work we present a divided state-space estimation strategy, in which data assimilation

more »

... is carried out with respect to each individual sub-system, involving quantities from the sub-system itself and correlated quantities from other coupled sub-systems. On top of the divided state-space estimation strategy, we also consider the possibility to run the sub-systems separately. Combining these two ideas, a few variants of the EnKF are derived. The introduction of these variants is mainly inspired by the current status and challenges in coupled data assimilation problems, and thus might be of interest from a practical point of view. Numerical experiments with a multi-scale Lorentz 96 model are conducted to evaluate the performance of these variants against that of the conventional EnKF. In addition, specific for coupled data assimilation problems, two prototypes of extensions of the presented methods are also developed in order to achieve a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy.