Background: Nigeria like most developing nations still faced with a higher rate of short birth interval (SBI), and its associated consequences, such as adverse maternal and child health outcomes. This study aimed to determine the distribution and factors associated with SBI in rural and urban Nigeria.Methods: The data for this study were extracted from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Statistical analyses were descriptive analysis and binary logistic model.Results: The proportion

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... of SBI in rural and urban Nigeria were 20.7% and 20.3% respectively. Women age, geopolitical region, education level, and the number of children ever born were significantly associated with SBI in rural and urban Nigeria. Maternal Wealth index and antenatal care visits were only significant in rural Nigeria after controlling for other factors. Higher odds of SBI for middle class women than poor women (AOR=1.19, 95% CI=1.06-1.35), and increase in ANC visits reduces the odds of having SBI: 4-7 visits (AOR=0.87, 95% CI= 0.77-0.98) and >7visits (AOR=0.83, 95% CI= 0.69-0.99).Conclusion: There were slight disparities in the prevalence of short birth intervals in rural and urban areas. Wealth index and ANC visits were only significant in rural Nigeria. Public health awareness campaigns should be strengthened to drive the importance of birth spacing techniques such as the utilization of modern contraceptives and breastfeeding in all the geo-political regions and across all the age strata. Women particularly those residing in the rural areas should be encouraged to advance their education to at least secondary level and enlightened on the importance of ANC.