Phishing, a form of electronic deception intended to lure individuals into disclosing private information, may lead to heavy financial losses. It is also an increasingly serious information security threat. Despite the growing risk, many individuals fail to engage in adequate preventive behavior to avoid phishing attacks. To explore this issue, we intend, in the proposed research, to highlight the key role of optimism bias in the phishing context by drawing on the health belief model (HBM).

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... ifically, we seek to examine whether individuals exhibit optimism bias in the context of phishing, as well as whether this bias is primarily restricted to susceptibility to phishing.