The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(hereafter CPC) has long been anticipated as a bellwether of the CPC in the 21st century. This chapter summarizes what the Congress has achieved and examines the challenges facing the country's new leaders based on the analysis in the preceding pages. It then attempts to forecast how the CPC will transform itself in the runup to the 17th National Congress and how those changes will affect Japan.