Seven Years after the Manifesto: Literature Review and Research Directions for Technologies in Animal Computer Interaction

Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas, Patricia Pons, Janet Read, Javier Jaen
2018 Multimodal Technologies and Interaction  
As technologies diversify and become embedded in everyday lives, the technologies we expose to animals, and the new technologies being developed for animals within the field of Animal Computer Interaction (ACI) are increasing. As we approach seven years since the ACI manifesto, which grounded the field within Human Computer Interaction and Computer Science, this thematic literature review looks at the technologies developed for (non-human) animals. Technologies that are analysed include
more » ... and physical, haptic and wearable, olfactory, screen technology and tracking systems. The conversation explores what exactly ACI is whilst questioning what it means to be animal by considering the impact and loop between machine and animal interactivity. The findings of this review are expected to form the first grounding foundation of ACI technologies informing future research in animal computing as well as suggesting future areas for exploration. Multimodal Technologies and Interact. 2018, 2, 30 2 of 29 interaction design [12], Human Computer Interaction (HCI) [3], ubiquitous computing [5] and game design [13] . Some of these frameworks aim to reveal the role of technology within a human-animal interaction [3, 5] , whilst others aim to minimise the human role to more fully design for the animals' unique needs. Whilst motivation for animal-computer technologies is often welfare based [5] , ACI also attends to other aspects, including the pet entertainment and holistic well-being sectors where many commercially available products exist [14, 15] . The terminology of welfare we use within this work is not only in reference towards the animal being healthy, nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, comfortable and not suffering from any negative states (as defined by medical agencies) but also in viewing the animal as a 'whole' [16] . Within ACI, welfare is inherently linked towards animal centeredness by researchers who allow consent through walking away behaviour (innate behaviour), research into how to make systems more suitable for animals (comfortable), and often seeking ways to monitor health (healthy and nourished). Academic studies pertinent to the design of ACI technologies have increased in number over the last seven years since the publication of the ACI Manifesto [9], the introduction of the ACISIG at the CHI conference [17], the first, second, third, fourth and the coming-soon fifth International . As interest has grown in this field the workshops and events have been become more specialised with: ACI@Measuring Behavior 2016, HCI goes to the zoo at CHI'16, Research Methods for ACI, ZooJam at ACI'16, and Technology for Bonding in Human-Animal Interaction and FarmJam at ACI'17. However, as we embark on the seventh year since the ACI Manifesto [9] there has yet to be an in-depth literature review delineating from the foundations of ACI, towards the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with animals, looking forwards towards potential areas for future research. Whilst literature reviews around the field of ACI exist, such as the one for smart computing and sensing technologies for animal welfare [18] , there has yet to be a direct overview of technologies within ACI. This chronicle begins by briefly exploring what ACI is and considering how the fields of animal behaviour and HCI intersect and contribute towards the embodied work. What an interaction is, or can be, defined as is questioned in this narrative. A thematic analysis of technologies within ACI is then delivered to investigate how the current body of research adds to the current overall field narratives. Drawing from this, a discussion is held on potential technological areas that ACI has yet to address, identifying questions opened through this review and concluding in an overall summary of the field. This technology driven thematic literature review is intended to both bring clarity to those entering the field whilst highlighting potential areas of interest for those currently working in the field. Whilst this review does not tackle ethical, methodological, legal, economic and philosophical issues surrounding ACI, it is hoped that those embroiled in such topics may find this narrative useful in initiating discussions.
doi:10.3390/mti2020030 fatcat:nr2ppvn3brbgvifezuxpphfgxy