party's policy and personnel-selection processes (and then by voting in the general election). Although the DA, like the RO, also objects to some of the ways that current tax laws affect expatriates, it prioritizes mobilizing partisan electoral participation over providing representation on a specifically expatriate issue. In summary, since the turn of the twenty-first century, the DA has overtaken the RO as a force for overseas mobilizing. With electoral turnout of Americans residing abroad

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... aining under 10% (Federal Voting Assistance Program 2018), and with more than 3 million US expatriates who are eligible to vote, there seems to be scope for increased overseas organizational efforts from both parties. Nevertheless, the geographic localization of US federal and state elections dampens incentives for candidates or parties to invest in such mobilization, setting firm limits on how much growth we should expect in this area. ▪