We examined the distributions of seven polymorphic sites in three apolipoprotein genes (APOE, APOA4, and APOH) and their relationships with quantitative lipid levels (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) among the Evenki reindeer herders of central Siberia. The polymorphism data reveal several distinctive features that differentiate the Evenki from white populations: the near absence of the APOE*2 allele, the highest ever recorded frequency of the APOH*3

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... , the complete absence of the APOA*2 allele at codon 360, and significantly different frequencies at three other APOA4 polymorphic sites. Our analyses of the relationships of common apolipoprotein polymorphism and plasma lipid levels also revealed interesting results. The well-established positive association between the APOE*4 allele and LDL cholesterol level reported in white populations was not seen in the Evenki despite a comparable frequency of the APOE*4 allele. Because the Evenki have significantly lower cholesterol levels than Westernized whites, this difference in allelic effect probably reflects gene-diet interaction, which modulates the effect of APOE polymorphism on LDL cholesterol. At the APOA4 locus the HincII polymorphism at codon 127 shows a significant impact on plasma triglyceride variation in the Evenki sample: The HincII - allele was associated with higher triglyceride levels than the HincII + allele. Our data indicate that both the genetic and the environmental factors conventionally associated with cardiovascular disease risk in Western societies are different in the Evenki.