This paper proposes a framework based on a new architecture that allows distributed smartcards to interact with one another as well as with application programs on their hosts. Since these interactions are handled distribution-transparently through message dispatching agents deployed on each host, the smartcards can autonomously conduct distributed protocols without turning to off-card application programs. The proposed framework thus reduces the complexity of application programs and makes it

more »

... asier to develop smartcard-based services that offer a high level of functionality. The feasibility of the framework is evaluated and confirmed by implementing a smartcard-based optimistic fair trading protocol for electronic vouchers on this framework.