Although photosensitizers, molecules that produce active oxygen species upon activation by visible light, are being extensively used in photodynamic therapy to treat cancer and other clinical conditions, problems include normal cell and tissue damage and associated side effects, which are attributable in part to the fact that cytotoxic effects are largely restricted to the plasma membrane. We have previously shown that the photosensitizer chlorin e 6 has significantly higher photosensitizing

more »

... ivity when present in conjugates containing specific ligands and thus able to be internalized by receptor-expressing cells. In this study we use insulincontaining conjugates to which variants of the simian virus SV40 large tumor antigen nuclear localization signal (NLS) were linked to target chlorin e 6 to the nucleus, a hypersensitive site for active oxygen species-induced damage. NLSs were either included as peptides crosslinked to the carrier bovine serum albumin or encoded within the sequence of a ␤-galactosidase fusion protein carrier. The results for photosensitization demonstrate clearly for the first time that NLSs increase the photosensitizing activity of chlorin e 6 , maximally reducing the EC 50 by a factor of over 2000-fold. This has widereaching implications for achieving efficient cell typespecific photodynamic therapy.