Macinko & Mullachery 1 analyzed data from Brazil's first two Brazilian National Health Surveys (PNS), conducted in 2013 and 2019 and coordinated by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), in partnership with the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The authors sought to test two relevant socio-epidemiological hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that over the six years between the two surveys, economic recession, deteriorating socioeconomic conditions, and weakened social

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... ies increased the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Brazil. The second was that this increase mostly affected the poorer population, thus widening social inequalities for these diseases and risk factors. Although they are not comparable regarding data sources and analyses, previous work 2 had shown mixed results for an earlier period (1998-2013), when economic and social indicators were improving in Brazil: a decrease of educational disparities in the prevalence of hypertension and heart disease, but an increase in those prevalence disparities for diabetes.