ZUBKO, Peter. The Image of a Bishop in Romanesque Times . In the 11th century, several reforms took place in the Catholic Church, which also concerned the ministry and position of bishops. Bishops formed only a small but influential part of the life of the Christian community. From the Romanesque period, the first detailed information about the life of bishops from non-hagiographic sources has been preserved. At the same time, requirements were defined as to the characteristics of an orthodox

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... tholic bishop. During this period, the office of archbishop was established. The bishop was elected by the chapter according to the usual rules. The importance of the cathedral and the episcopal liturgy increased. The bishops reserved some sacramental acts and decisions just for themselves. The four Lateran Councils paid wide attention to the bishops; the article lists all the relevant canons of these councils on bishops. In Romanesque times, the position of the bishop in the Catholic Church was highlighted and strengthened, and at the same time he gained an important place in secular society. The bishops were autonomous vis-à-vis the pope, so the individual dioceses differed from each other, but certain intellectual, cultural and spiritual influences had an impact on the universal Christian community. The bishops had an important say in the administration of the lands, they were advisers to the rulers, and only those who met certain qualities (which was new compared to the previous time) could be bishops, but on the other hand it was not possible to bypass the rulers with the appointment. This heritage was influential until the late middle ages. Jedenáste storočie v dejinách katolíckej cirkvi bolo časom reforiem v protiklade s predchádzajúcim obdobím, ktoré historici nazvali temným storočím (lat. saeculum obscurum). Obrodu začal pápež Gregor VII. (1073 -1085) s predpripravenou pôdou už pápežom Levom IX. (1049 -1054) . Obroda rehoľného života zas vychádzala z opátstva v Cluny. Išlo predovšetkým o vnútornú obnovu cirkevného a duchovného života, ale vo vzťahoch medzi cirkevnou (duchovnou) a svetskou (sekulárnou) spoločnosťou, čiže o vzťahy medzi cirkvou a štátom. Dvanáste storočie prinieslo kultúrne zmeny: Európu prestali sužovať vpády cudzích, pohanských vojsk, nastal ekonomický rast, boli založené prvé univerzity (Bologna 1158), európska kultúra vstúpila do svojho klasického veku (porov. Leonardi 2014). Viacerí teológovia a kánonisti výrazne prispeli k rozvoju teológie, filozofie (scholastika) a kánonického práva. Kresťania viedli osem krížových výprav (1096 -1270). Na prelome 12. a 13. storočia sa objavujú nové, mendikatské rehole (McGrath 2014, 148-194; Obraz biskupa v románskej dobe (pol. 11. -pol. 13. storočia) CONSTANTINE'S LETTERS 13/2 (2020), pp. 52 -64 •••