Problem-based learning: transformation based on critical learning Problem-based learning seeks to sharpen adults' critical skills rather than to increase their knowledge. Problem-based learning is itself problematic. For instance, scholars debate whether learners are more likely to remember and implement positive, or negative, results 9,10 . TLT goes beyond this conundrum. It considers that HCPs should not only learn or critique techniques, but also The supplementary data are published online at: