The control of autonomous intelligent robotic agent operating in unstructured changing environments includes many objective difficulties. One major difficulty concerns the characteristics of the environment that the agent should operate in. In unstructured and changing environments the inconsistency of the terrain, the irregularity of the product and the open nature of the working environment result in complex problems of identification, sensing and control. Problems can range from the effects

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... f varying environmental conditions on the robot sensors and traction performance through to the need to deal with the presence of unexpected situations. Another major challenge is the large amounts of uncertainty that characterises real-world environments. On the one hand, it is not possible to have exact and complete prior knowledge of these environments. On the other hand, knowledge acquired through sensing is affected by uncertainty and imprecision. The quality of sensor information is influenced by sensor noise, the limited field of view, the conditions of observation, and the inherent difficulty of the perceptual interpretation process. Because environments and users of systems continuously change, robotic agents have to be adaptive. Intelligence helps because it gives systems the capacity to adapt more rapidly to environmental changes or to handle much more complex functions. In his paper we introduce this special issue and introduce the difficulty robots are facing in unstructured environments and how learning and computational intelligence can help the robots to adapt and give them the necessary intelligence they to face the challenges they encounter in their environments.