A Survey on Three-Dimensional Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Babar Shah, Ki-Il Kim
2014 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks  
In parallel with steady research and development in ad hoc and wireless sensor networks, many testbeds have been implemented and deployed in real world. Furthermore, some research works have addressed design issues for deployment in three-dimensional space such as sky or ocean. Since many research challenges in three-dimensional spaces have not been explored yet as much as two dimensional spaces, it is required to define the challenging tasks to provide reliable communication in
more » ... l space. In this survey, we aim to identify the unique properties of communication environments in three-dimensional space and address the overview of the state of the art in this research area. To achieve this, the survey is organized according to two good example networks, airborne ad hoc networks (AANETs) and underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). For each network, we introduce and review the related research works to focus on infrastructure, localization, topology design, and position-based routing. Finally, open research issues are also discussed and presented. to motivate towards the idea of underwater 3D wireless sensor networks. To turn this idea more realistic, however, one must face the problem of underwater communication channels which make adequate and steady underwater communication in UWSNs very challenging [20]. Due to this major dilemma, UWSNs have low communication bandwidth, high error rate, and large propagation delay. The modern underwater communication systems are mostly based on acoustic technology [18]. The acoustic communications offer long range communication irrespective of short range communication techniques such as optical [21], radio frequency [22], and electrostatic communication [23]. The parameters of acoustic communication are also surrounded by different constraints; that is, bandwidth is limited and distance-dependent, multipath propagation is time varying, and low speed of sound [24, 25]. The recent research in underwater communication
doi:10.1155/2014/616014 fatcat:vn7yopaoqbcvzk2uhjlbnhfw3m