I gratefully acknowledge the help of Northern Michigan University in Marquette for supporting my research and this work with a generous grant-the Peter White Scholar Award-and with sabbatical leave. In the course of researching and writing this book, I received help from a number of individuals. Special thanks go to Adam Wyżyński, Krzysztof Berłowski, and Helena Damętka of the National Film Archive (Filmoteka Narodowa) in Warsaw for their kind assistance. My thanks also go to Bogdana

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... at the Andrzej Wajda Archive in Kraków and to Andrzej Wajda himself for allowing me to do research at his archive. I am grateful to Polish film directors Michał Bukojemski, Wojciech Majewski, and Michał Nekanda-Trepka for conversations as well as for their assistance with fi lms. Also, I wish to acknowledge the invaluable contribution of Professor Piotr Zwierzchowski, who helped me to obtain a number of fi lms. Th is work could not have been produced without him. Several colleagues at Northern Michigan University provided important, generous comments on various parts of the early versions of the manuscript, among them Dr. Gabriel Brahm, Dr. Stephen Burn, and Dr. Toby Rose. I am also grateful to Professor Shravan Rajagopal for his help with editing images from fi lms. Special thanks go to Dr. David Boe for his unvarying assistance regarding the complexities of the English language and comments on parts of the manuscript. Also, I very much appreciated conversations with Dr. Alan Rose and his comments on several chapters of the book. A number of valuable comments on draft chapters of Th e Last Stage and Border Street were provided by my graduate class at NMU (