Deep vertical line arrays can exploit the reliable acoustic path (RAP), which provides low transmission loss (TL) for targets at moderate ranges, and increased TL for distant interferers. However, nearby surface interference also has favorable RAP propagation and cannot be separated from a submerged target without horizontal aperture. In this work, a physics-based Fourier transform variant is introduced, which achieves depth-based signal separation by exploiting the spatial structure resulting

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... rom the coherent addition of the direct and surface-reflected propagation paths present for submerged sources. Simulation results demonstrate depth-based signal separation without requiring knowledge of the ocean environment.