With the growing proliferation of information, there is an emerging trend to equip knowledge workers with personal knowledge management (PKM) skills and tools. In the PKM literature to date, most of the research papers emphasize the importance of knowledge management skills and tools at the individual level, especially for PKM models, that were developed in the last decade. While this is entirely logical and acceptable, increasingly the limitations of these models are being exposed. As

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... is socially constructed, we propose a new PKM model that covers interaction with knowledge communities and knowledge enterprises. To support these interactions, the Individual-Community-Enterprise Connector (ICE Connector) model is proposed.