Recent studies of outlaw communities provide qualitative evidence of their existence and the organisation of the underlying innovation processes. We provide descriptive results from a large scale survey of two online outlaw communities focussing on Microsoft's XBox. In line with previous findings, we identify two types of participants in outlaw communities -user innovators and adopters. Based on 2,256 responses, we find that users modify their XBox mainly to be able to increase the set of

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... ble functions of their XBox. Users are also motivated to modify their XBox for the sake of having fun and to conduct pirate behaviour. Finally, the results from our survey suggest that user innovators are largely intrinsically motivated by fun and the intellectual stimulation of writing code for homebrew software. Keywords: Outlaw community innovation, video game consoles, homebrew software * We greatly acknowledge helpful discussions with Dietmar Harhoff and Ulrich Lossen. Further we would also like to thank our colleagues at INNO-tec and participants of the TIME seminar at the TU Munich and participants of the 'Conference on IP and the creative industries' in London 2008.