cocultures performed with PBMC of presurgical and postsurgical patient and healthy donors. Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that the laminated layer of Echinococcus g. may promote allergic response in humans directly by inducting the Th2 pathway. Moreover, this response allows the parasite survival. Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. About 75 to 80% of sexually active Americans will be infected with HPV at some

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... t in their lifetime. The risk of HPV infection seems to be related with age at first intercourse, younger age and number of sexual partners. HPV infection is limited to the basal cells of stratified epithelium of the skin or mucous membranas. There is a wide latency period, from months to years, before squamous intraepithelial lesions develop. Most HPV infections are cleared within 2 years by the immune system. Only in 5% to 10% of infected women with "high risk" types the infection persists determining a high risk of developing intraepithelial neoplasias, as cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, penile cancer, and/or anal cancer. The gynecological evaluation and Papanicolau smear are the primary screening tools for detecting HPV infection. There is currently no specific treatment for HPV infection. The Transfer Factor (TF) or Dialyzable Leukocyte Extract is an immunomodulator that has been successfully used as an adjuvant in the treatment of intracelular infections such as recurrent herpes virus diseases. TF induces the expression of RNAm and IFN-g and increases CD41 cells. The IFN-g activates macrophages, neutrophils, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and favours the differentiation of T cells into Th1 lymphocytes that are requiried for the control of intracellular patho gens. Methods: We used TF in a group of patients with persistent genital human papillomavirus infection. Results: We included 12 patients, aged 19 to 45 years old (mean 30), with 14 to 23 years at first intercourse and a mean of 3 sexual partners in their lifetime. All of them had persistent HPV that had been treated before with local and ablative therapeutic options (including cervical freezing, cauterizing loop, imiquimod, podophyllin and/or cervical conization). Transfer factor was administered daily for 5 days, and subsequently at 7-day intervals for 5 weeks. We found an important improvement in the gynecological evaluation of cervix and perineal lesions and a significant reduction in the frequency of relapses. Conclusions: Transfer factor could be used as an adjuvant in patients with persistent genital human papillomavirus infection.