Previous experiments with honeybees (Apis mellifera) failed to show learned control of performance by short-term memory. In this study, honeybees were trained with an improved technique to choose 1 of 2 colors that was either the same as a recently rewarded sample ( perseveration) or different (alteration). Because any increase in associative strength stemming from the sample experience would tend to promote perseveration and contravene alternation, the equal difficulty of the 2 tasks suggests

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... hat the role played by the sample was primarily discriminative. The animals remembered on each trial the immediately preceding experience with reward and learned to use that information appropriately. These new results extend the list of what may well be fundamental similarities in the learning of vertebrates and honeybees.