Model-Informed Drug Development for Anti-Infectives: State of the Art and Future

Craig R Rayner, Patrick F Smith, David Andes, Kayla Andrews, Hartmut Derendorf, Lena E Friberg, Debra Hanna, Alex Lepak, Edward Mills, Thomas M Polasek, Jason A Roberts, Virna Schuck (+3 others)
2021 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics  
Model-informed drug development (MIDD) has a long and rich history in infectious diseases. This review describes foundational principles of translational anti-infective pharmacology, including choice of appropriate measures of exposure and pharmacodynamic measures, patient subpopulations, and drug-drug interactions. Examples are presented for state-of-the-art, empiric, mechanistic, interdisciplinary, and real-world evidence MIDD applications in the development of antibacterials (review of
more » ... m inhibitory concentration (MIC)-based models, mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, PK/PD models of resistance, and immune response), antifungals, antivirals, drugs for the treatment of global health infectious diseases, and medical countermeasures. The degree of adoption of MIDD practices across the infectious diseases field is also summarized. The future application of MIDD in infectious diseases will progress along two planes; "depth" and "breadth" of MIDD methods. "MIDD depth" refers to deeper incorporation of the specific pathogen biology and intrinsic and acquired-resistance mechanisms; host factors, such as immunologic response and infection site, to enable deeper interrogation of pharmacological impact on pathogen clearance; clinical outcome and emergence of resistance from a pathogen; and patient and population perspective. In particular, improved early assessment of the emergence of resistance potential will become a greater focus in MIDD, as this is poorly mitigated by current development approaches. "MIDD breadth" refers to greater adoption of model-centered approaches to anti-infective development. Specifically, this means how various MIDD approaches and translational tools can be integrated or connected in a systematic way that supports decision making by key stakeholders (sponsors, regulators, and payers) across the entire development pathway.
doi:10.1002/cpt.2198 pmid:33555032 pmcid:PMC8014105 fatcat:v36327nlrvh2xoafvmsa63pwsy