Recent trends in computing include increases in both distribution and wireless connectivity, leading to highly dynamic, complex environments on top of applications that must be built. The way of designing and ensuring the correctness of applications in these environments is becoming more complex. The goal of the research in wireless systems is to provide abstractions of complex low-level concepts to application programmers, easing the design and implementation of applications. Similar to other

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... bstractions, it creates logical collections of sensing devices. Earlier abstractions were focused on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and did not address aspects of Cyber Physical System (CPS). A new class of applications for wireless sensor networks requires similar complexity encapsulation. However, sensor networks have some unique characteristics, including dynamic availability of data sources and application quality of service requirements that are not common to other types of applications. These unique features, combined with the inherent distribution of sensors, limited energy and bandwidth resources, dictate the need for network functionality and the individual sensors to be controlled to best serve the application requirements. Programming abstraction is to make good application design and to reduce algorithmic complexity, inter-component coupling and total lines of code. The abstraction is used to implement several complex applications.