There are only scarce data on HIV progression in vertically infected children in developing countries. The aim of this study is to describe factors from neonatal period associated with long term non-progression (LTNP), in a Brazilian cohort. A cohort study, with data systematically collected from the "Peixe" Cohort (cohort study of children conducted at the main HIV Pediatric Center in Rio de Janeiro, from 1996 to 2005). The study included children who were vertically infected and started

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... up at 5 years of age or younger. LTNP, defined as not reaching category C or severe immunosuppression before 5 years of age. Neonatal and demographic factors were studied. Variables with p-value<0.15 were included in a logistic regression model. 213 patients were included, of whom 42% (89/213) were classified as LTNP. Variables independently associated with LTNP were: baseline (at study entry) CD4+ cells (per %) (OR= 1.06, 95%CI=1.01-1.12) ; age of initiating follow-up, per month (OR= 1.03, 95%CI=1.01-1.06); ZDV use duriing newborn period (OR= 3.31, 95%CI=0.86-12.71); use of antiretroviral (ART) before classification C or severe immunosuppression (OR= 5.89, 95%CI=2.03-17.10). Adjusting for age at the beginning of follow-up, antiretroviral that was unsuccessfully used to prevent maternal-to-child transmission (ZDV use in neonatal period) was associated with better prognosis. ARTs initiation before category C or severe immunosuppression was also associated with LTNP.