In modern conditions, threats and risks are constantly emerging for the sustainable socio-economic development of various regions of the world, including Russia. In this regard, one of the most important is the problem of sustainable dynamic development of the country and its closest partner-countries, one of which is Mongolia. The article presents a historical analysis of international relations between Russia and Mongolia. The main points of the development of the economy of the RSFSR, the

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... R and Mongolia after the signing of the coopera­tion agreement in 1921 are described. The analysis of the changed geopolitical conditions of the socio-economic development of Russia and Mongolia in connection with the collapse of the world socialist system and the unfolding modern economic crisis is carried out. The conducted research made it possible to conclude that it is necessary to develop a scientifically based medium-and long-term strategy for the socio-economic development of the country in the new geopoliti­cal realities. Recommendations on strengthening the role of the state in regulating the real sector of the economy and investment processes are offered. The study shows that the main directions of state policy in the field of sustainable development and national security, including food security, should be social, political and economic transformations for the sustainable development of the regions.