Mammalian cells release different types of vesicles, collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs contain cellular and viral microRNAs (miRNAs) with an apparent potential to deliver their miRNA cargo to recipient cells to affect the stability of individual mRNAs and the transcriptome. The extent to which miRNAs are exported via the EV route and whether they contribute to cell-cell communication are controversial. To address these issues, we analyzed the capacity of EVs to deliver

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... ed miRNAs into target cells and to exert biological functions. We applied well-defined approaches to produce and characterize purified EVs with or without specific viral miRNAs. Only a small fraction of EVs carried miRNAs. EVs bound to different target cell types, but there was no EV-cell membrane fusion or delivery of cargo. Importantly, the functionality of cells exposed to miRNA-carrying EVs was not affected. These results suggest EV-borne miRNAs do not act as effectors and question their relevancy in paracrine cell-to-cell communication.