A diesel fuel breakup model was developed in the framework of the three-dimensional fluid dynamics code KIVA-3V and validated with experimental data. This breakup model accounts for cavitation bubble collapse energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and aerodynamic forces on the liquid core. The primary breakup time is computed by a balance between surface tension of the liquid core and the breakup forces obtained as aerodynamic force and breakup force based on cavitation bubble collapse. The

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... d diameter of the child droplet is based on the liquid core surface wavelength, which is caused by fluctuating turbulence velocities. At the time of primary breakup, a child droplet uses its turbulent energy to determine the ensuing trajectory. Hence, the proposed Cavitation Bubble Collapse Energy Breakup (CEB) model is capable of predicting the spray cone angle. Generation of child droplets as a result of primary breakup continues until all cavitation bubbles have totally collapsed. Subsequently, the Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model is used for secondary droplet breakup. Model predictions of spray tip penetration, spray cone angle, and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) have been found in good agreement with experimental data for non-evaporating sprays under high injection pressure.