In this paper, a fast fault detection scheme for voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems is proposed. Based on Bergeron model equations, the remote terminal voltage of an adopted transmission system is calculated in terms of the local measured current and voltage signals. Subsequently, the computed voltage of the remote terminal is compared with the corresponding actual measured-communicated value. Provided that the considered transmission

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... m is functioning well, the difference between the computed and measured voltages is almost zero. However, a considerable virtual voltage arises for fault conditions. When the voltage difference exceeds a predetermined threshold, a fault condition can be detected. Although a reliable communication link is required, the delay for detecting the fault is not caused by the communication time. For evaluation purpose, a detailed simulation is developed using PSCAD/EMTDC with various fault locations, including the cases near the inside or outside of the protected transmission system. The results corroborate a fast detection scheme depending on a moderate sampling/processing frequency level. A high security level is verified even with the worst external faults, or with the misaligned measured samples at the terminals. This corroborates the suitability of the proposed scheme for protecting multi-terminal HVDC systems. Index Terms--Fault detection, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), voltage source converter (VSC), transmission system.