There is a causal link between unemployment and the deterioration in health status, but there is also an act of selection so that people with health problems have more problems in getting a new job. Unemployed men, especially the young, increase their alcohol consumption as compared with employed referents. Unemployed persons are smokers to a greater extent than employed persons, and smokers have a higher risk of becoming unemployed. Psychological indicators have been studied well in connection

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... with health effects of unemployment. Losing, or gaining, employment has clear effects on psychiatric symptoms and on well-being. The death rate is increased among unemployed persons.