Brazil is the third largest fruit producing country in the world, with fruit being grown at ca 2.8 mi ha. The complex of fruit flies including South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus and the Mediteranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata are one of the most important insect pests of tropical and temperate fruit. Additionally, another fruit fly, the Bactrocera carambolaeis a new quarantine pest under official restrictions in the northern region of Brazil. Fruit flies are commonly managed by

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... ltiple applications of phosphorous insecticides, however this particular group of insecticides faces multiple restrictions related to the high toxicity of active ingredients to environment and poses risk to human health.