The mobile node can experience disruptions of an ongoing real-time session due to handovers in voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. The duration of such interruptions is called disruption time or handover delay and this is very annoying to user. Therefore, this delay needs to be minimized to provide good-quality VoIP services. In this paper, the focus is on the network layer mobility, specifically on mobile Internet Protocols (MIPs), since they are natural candidates for providing

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... ity at layer 3. Fast MIPv6 (FMIPv6), hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6), Fast-Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6) and Proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) have been evaluated analytically and compared their performances in terms of handover delay for VoIP services. Numerical results show that PMIPv6 has lowest handover latency. Index Terms-Fast mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), handover delay, hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), internet protocol (IP)-based wireless networks, voice over IP (VoIP), fast-hierarchical mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6), and proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6).