and objectives: Several studies demonstrate that cerebral preconditioning is a protective mechanism against a stressful situation. Preconditioning determinants are described, as well as the neuroprotection provided by anesthetic and non-anesthetics agents. Content: Review based on the main articles addressing the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion and neuronal injury and pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors (infl ammation, glycemia, and temperature) related to the change in

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... nse to ischemia-reperfusion, in addition to neuroprotection induced by anesthetic use. Conclusions: The brain has the ability to protect itself against ischemia when stimulated. The elucidation of this mechanism enables the application of preconditioning inducing substances (some anesthetics), other drugs, and non-pharmacological measures, such as hypothermia, aimed at inducing tolerance to ischemic lesions.