Ad-hoc networks have been the focus of research interest in wireless networks since 1990. Nodes in an ad-hoc network can connect to each other dynamically in an arbitrary manner. The dynamic features of ad-hoc networks demand a new set of routing protocols that are different from the routing schemes used in traditional wired networks. A wide range of routing protocols has been proposed to overcome the limitations of wired routing protocols. This chapter outlines the working mechanisms of

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... fthe-art ad-hoc routing protocols. These protocols are evaluated by comparing their functionalities and characteristics. Related research challenges are also discussed.