Since the end of the 1990 ' s, there seems to be a strong tendency f()rurban renovation projects inbig cities around the worid , On the one hanCl , as Kurodaldescribes り , basic industries in Japan have been moved to instailations outside cities . On the other hand , fbrmer sites of industrial and related activities have increased in value , because of urban expansion and the potential to promoIe urban development, One impQr鮟nt aspect of this process is to gain open spaces in consolidated areas

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... , where the city inhabitants can relieve , and reduce the stress and social problems originating in dense 】 y populated areas . Ljke entrepreneurs , local governments have been adopting ' ' lncentive Zoning " as an instrument to involve the private sector in urban renovation pr 〔 ) jects . Construα ors obtain the rightto construct an extra floor area, besides the limit defined by zoning , if inside lhe relative lot , 駐 publicspace is opened and maintained for public use . Kayden2 analyzed the cases in New York of " privately owned public spaces " ( pqps) in terms of 】 aw 1} and spatia ]configurations . These are not only covered spaces , such as atriums , but also open spaces such as passages and p ] azas . Whyte s helped to improve the law for the design of plazas with research into how they were actUally used 3) . As in Battery Park City4 , inNewYork , big sites can resuh in open spaces wider than plazas in business d . istricts , In Japan , one exampie on Ihis sca 】 e isthe Osaka Amenity Park ( OAP ) , the 6. 8ha area in the urban planningforOsaka , defined as oneofthe SaikOihatSU ・ Chiku ・ KeikOku CDistrictPtanning to ノ ) 厂omote Pr( ) pe 厂 lot of research has been carried into this mattersince Ihe 1980 ' s . Ofthe themes found in technical papers and few ref¢ reed articles , the following five are typica1: ユ. し Jse conditions , such as the aware 冂ess of inhabitanIs and neighbors about ρqp∫, in Kimura et aL 4 ; 2 . Psycho ' ogica 'bSpects , such as research into users on weekends , in Masuyama et aL 5 ;3 . Physical ! shape aspects , such as a mathematical modeho evaluate the bui】 ding form , in Ishitomi et al . b ;4. Management conditions , such as the relationshipbetween l 曲 abitan ピsmaintenance and the