Visual and pictorial materials are extensively used in teaching listening comprehension textbooks. Although the use of still image is currently implemented in some distinguished testing systems, video test is not a popular modality due to the fact that this kind of test may result in test-takers' confusion during the test. In the present study, a sample of 80 Iranian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students was selected to compare their performance on three different modalities of listening

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... test: audio-only test, pictorial (listening with still image test), and visual (video) listening test. The analysis of one-way repeated measure ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was used to compare the students' scores.