Today, several methods are proposed and tested for controlling many nonlinear and unstable systems. This study employed the sliding mode control (SMC) and proportional-derivative (PD), which are used to control the position and modeling of ball and beam system that is a fundamental system used to test the control methods. Such systems are nonlinear and unstable due to their nature. Therefore, these systems are affected by external disturbances and this leads to a decrease in the control

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... The study tested the system by utilizing the classical PD and SMC methods, and the results were assessed by employing the Integral-Square-Error (ISE) performance criterion. The system results were provided as graphics and tables. Besides, the results were compared and analyzed.