AbstractThe first massive galaxies (z ∼ 6) have (1) very high energy density due to their small diameters and extreme luminosities in young stars and (2) interstellar dust relatively deficient in carbon compared with silicates. Both of these attributes should raise their interstellar dust temperatures compared with lower redshift galaxies. Not only is this temperature trend observed, but the high-z spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are very broad due to very warm dust. As a result total

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... red luminosities – and star formation rates – at the highest redshifts estimated by fitting blackbodies to submm- and mm-wave observations can be low by a factor of ∼2.