Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are heparin-binding proteins crucial to embryogenesis, angiogenesis, and wound healing. FGF-1 is abundantly expressed in the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis and in rejecting allografts, sites of chronic immune-mediated inflammation. The frequency of FGF-1-responsive T cells is increased in the peripheral blood of these disorders, and a high percentage of infiltrating T cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium express receptors for FGF-1. To understand the action

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... f FGF-1 in T cells, studies were initiated in Jurkat T cells that express the signaling isoform of FGF receptor-1. These experiments show that FGF-1 stimulation of Jurkat T cells provides a second signal that augments TCR-mediated IL-2 production. Analogous to costimulation via CD28, this activity is mediated through activation of Rel/κB, a family of transcription factors known to regulate IL-2 and other activation-inducible proteins. FGF-1 alone induces modest nuclear translocation of κB-binding proteins, and this translocation is enhanced by the combination of anti-CD3 and FGF-1. This NF-κB binding complex is composed of transcriptionally active p65(RelA)/p50 heterodimers and results primarily from the targeted degradation of IκB-α, an inhibitor that sequesters Rel/κB in the cytoplasm. These data are the first to show a connection between FGF-1 signaling and NF-κB activation outside of embryonic development. The signaling events that link FGF receptor-1 engagement and NF-κB activation in Jurkat are probably distinct from the CD28 costimulation pathway, since FGF-1-induced Rel/κB binding proteins do not contain significant levels of c-Rel and are not identical with the CD28 response complex.