A large body of research that has recently emerged in literature and practice shows that organisations do not substantially perform pro-environmental behaviours (PEB). Some organisations have also been exposed by others (e.g., external individuals or organisations) to engage in symbolic environmental-related activities (e.g., greenwashing) rather than true environmentalism. At the individual level, the symbolic motive is also the latest development in the environmental psychology literature.

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... n though both organisational and individual level research of PEB have recognised the existence of symbolism embedded in ecological activities, scholars have not yet examined how symbolic reasons for PEB can be classified and examined through an integrated multi-level perspective. The focus of this chapter is therefore to establish a multi-level framework in the sense of explaining symbolic PEB at both organisational and employee levels.