In vitro and in vivo trypanocidal effect of lipophilic extracts of medicinal plants from Mali and Burkina Faso

Birgit Aderbauer, Peter-Henning Clausen, Olivia Kershaw, Matthias F. Melzig
2008 Journal of Ethnopharmacology  
Homeopathy. 2006 Jan;95(1):15-9. Snake remedies and eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats. Aboutboul R. Animan Veterinary Clinic, Jabotinsky 1, Tel-Aviv 63479, Israel. ronitvet@zahav.net.il Abstract Eosinophilic granuloma complex (EGC) is a syndrome occurring in cats, characterized by lesions affecting the skin and the oral cavity. Conventional treatment is mainly symptomatic and may have undesirable side effects. This paper summarizes homeopathic treatment with snake remedies of cats
more » ... from EGC. Snake remedies were chosen by individual repertorizations and administered in different dilutions. Reactions were mostly quick, leading to significant improvements, including complete recoveries. Link to paper: http://download.ebooks6.com/Snake-remedies-and-eosinophilicgranuloma-complex-in-cats-download-w27069.pdf Abstract AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the in vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of extracts of traditionally used plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 47 dichloromethane extracts were tested in vitro in the Long-term Viability Assay (LtVA) on Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The most active ones were also tested in vivo using a standardised mouse test. RESULTS: 13 extracts (28%) were active in vitro with MIC-values < or = 100 microg/ml, 6 extracts showed MIC-values < or = 50 microg/ml. The root extract of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. (Polygalaceae) and the leaf extract of Guiera senegalensis J. F. Gmel. (Combretaceae) were able to reduce parasitaemia in mice, experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei by 48 and 42% at the dose of 150 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally, two times daily for 3 days. The extract of Acacia nilotica Delile (Mimosaceae) stem bark showed immunosuppressive effect in vivo. CONCLUSION: The results confirm an effect of the ethnobotanically used plants. Further investigation is needed to optimize the effectiveness of the extracts. Link to abstract/paper: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=clausen%20J%20extract Abstract We studied the effects of potentiated antibodies to histamine on production of IgE and IgG1 in response to 3-fold immunization of mice with ovalbumin in doses of 0.5, 10, and 100 microg. The course of treatment with antibodies to histamine suppressed production of allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 in mice 2-fold immunized with ovalbumin in doses of 100 and 0.5 microg, respectively. In mice immunized 3 times with ovalbumin in various doses the preparation suppressed production of IgE and IgG1. Link to abstract/paper: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949682 Thromb Res. 2000 Nov 15;100(4):317-23. Time related neutralization of two doses acetyl salicylic acid. Abstract Aspirin has a well established role in the prevention of arterial thrombosis. Discussion on the efficacy and safety of aspirin in the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis has become an important issue. In fact, hemorrhage complications are often associated with its use. On the other hand, previous studies showed unexpected thrombotic potencies associated with the presence of this drug at ultra low doses (ULD) in the circulation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of aspirin at ULD, injected 1, 2, or 3 hours after the administration of aspirin at 100 mg/kg, on hemostasis and bleeding in rats. We used an experimental model of thrombosis induced by laser beams to evaluate these effects. Platelet aggregation was determined by Cardinal and Flower method. Results from this investigation demonstrate that the neutralizing effect of aspirin at ULD did not operate significantly 1 hour after the injection of aspirin at 100 mg/kg. This effect was observed 2 and 3 hours after. The use of aspirin at ULD to neutralize the side effects of aspirin at high doses will reduce the hemorrhagic risk during extra corporeal circulation. The therapeutic benefit and safety of aspirin therapy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases can be obtained. Link to abstract/paper: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11113275 Altern Ther Health Med. 1999 Sep;:64-8. Homeopathy versus antibiotics in metaphylaxis of infectious diseases: a clinical study in pig fattening and its significance to consumers. Albrecht H, Schütte A. Carstens Foundation, Essen, Germany. Abstract CONTEXT: Due to the conditions of modern industrial pig fattening in intensive livestock farms, 24% to 69% of the animals become ill. The antibiotic metaphylaxis that is routinely administered leads to several problems in animals, human health, and the environment. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a homeopathic metaphylaxis is effective and potentially useful for replacing antibiotic metaphylaxis. DESIGN: Animal subjects were divided into groups of 10 per pen, 2 pens sharing 1 trough. Twenty pigs were randomly assigned within a stall and were administered either antibiotics, homeopathy, or placebo. SETTING: A typical intensive livestock farm in Northern Germany. PARTICIPANTS: 1440 piglets. INTERVENTION: Homeopathic metaphylaxis is compared with placebo, the routine low-dose antibiotic metaphylaxis, and an antibiotic metaphylaxis in therapeutic dosage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of diseases in general and of diseases of the respiratory tract. RESULTS: Homeopathic metaphylaxis is significantly effective compared with placebo and routine low-dose antibiotic metaphylaxis for incidence of disease and rate of disease of the respiratory tract among the animals studied. Only by increasing the dosage of antibiotics to a therapeutic level does antibiotic metaphylaxis surpass homeopathic metaphylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: An unacceptably high percentage of pigs in modern livestock management become ill, suffering mainly from diseases of the respiratory tract. The routine antibiotic dosage of metaphylaxis is too low to be effective. As a result, the problems of resistance and danger to human health and the environment are increasing. To confirm whether antibiotic metaphylaxis may be replaced by homeopathic metaphylaxis, this study should be repeated independently. Link to abstract/paper: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10484832 Int J High Dilution Res. 2007 Jul-Sep;6(20):16-18. Efeito do medicamento homeopático Arnica Montana 7CH no traumatismo mecânico em camundongos. [Effect of the homeopathic remedy Arnica montana 7CH on mechanical trauma in mice]. [Article in Portuguese] Alecu A, Alecu M, Cojocaru A, Brezeanu R. English Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-traumatic effect of the homeopathic remedy Arnica montana 7CH, administered immediately after the induction of trauma in experimentation animals. The remedy showed statistically significant effectiveness, when compared to a placebo, to reduce the diameter of the edema and the duration of trauma effects -edema, pain and mobility of the affected limb. Link to paper: Efeito dos medicamentos homeopáticos Arnica montana e Staphisagria no tempo de cicatrização de incisões cirúrgicas. [Effect of the homeopathic remedies Arnica montana and Staphisagria on the time of healing of surgical wounds]. [Article in Portuguese] Alecu A, Alecu M, Mârcuş G, Brezeanu R, Cojocaru A. English Abstract The present study evaluates the effect of the homeopathic remedies Arnica montana and Staphisagria, in dynamizations 7CH and 30CH, on the speed of the cicatrization of surgical incisions in experimentation animals. The decrease of the number of days required for the complete cicatrization was statistically significant for both remedies, by comparison to a placebo. There was no significant difference between both remedies nor between both dynamizations. Link to paper: http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/23/16 Int J High Dilution Res. 2010;9(30):5-15. Designs for research of the High Dilutions in animals models: an update. Alecu A, Brezeanu R, Mârcuş G, Cojocaru A, Alecu M. Abstract This article discusses the series of tests on animal experimental models carried out by our group to evaluate the effect of homeopathic preparations selected according to traditional criteria of pathogenetic similarity. Our overall experience indicates that it is not difficult to carry out experimental studies assaying homeopathic medicines in randomized placebo-controlled tests returning statistically analyzable results. The basic requirement for this purpose is to select validated experimental models. The simplest and most reliable ones are the ones arising from common daily clinical practice or those taken from classical pharmacological studies modified as to fit the goals of a homeopathic assay. By proceeding in this way it will be possible to build a sound body of evidence for the biological effects of high dilutions. Link to paper: http://www.feg.unesp.br/~ojs/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/379/414 J High Dilution Res. 2011;10(35):80. Designs for research of High Dilutons in animal models: an update. Alecu A, BrezeanuR. Abstract This article discusses the series of tests on animal experimental models carried out by our group to evaluate the effect of homeopathic preparations selected according to traditional criteria of pathogenetic similarity. Our overall experience indicates that it is not difficult to carry out experimental studies assaying homeopathic medicines in randomized placebo-controlled tests returning statistically analyzable results. The basic requirement for this purpose is to select validated experimental models. The simplest and most reliable ones are the ones arising from common daily clinical practice or those taken from classical pharmacological studies modified as to fit the goals of a homeopathic assay. By proceeding in this way it will be possible to build a sound body of evidence for the biological effects of high dilutions. Link to paper: Abstract Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, involves immunomediated processes. Canova (CA) is a homeopathic treatment indicated in the diseases in which the immune system is depressed. This study evaluated the Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profile of T. cruzi under the influence of CA and Benznidazole (BZ). Mice infected with the genetic lineage of T. cruzi II (Y strain) were divided into 4 groups: Infected animals treated with saline solution (control group); treated with CA; treated with BZ; treated with CA and BZ combined. Treatment was given at the 5th-25th days of infection (D5-25). The parasites were isolated by haemoculture in Liver Infusion Tryptose (LIT) medium: at D5 (before treatment), D13, 15 and 25 (during treatment) and D55 and 295 (after treatment). DNA was extracted from the mass of parasites. RAPD was done with the primers lambdagt11-F, M13F-40 and L15996, the amplified products were eletrophoresed through a 4% polyacrylamide gel. Data were analyzed by the coefficient of similarity using the DNA-POP program. 163 markers were identified, 5 of them monomorphic. CA did not act against the parasites when used alone. The RAPD profiles of parasites treated with BZ and CA+BZ were different from those in the control group and in the group treated with CA. The actions of the CA and BZ were different and the action of BZ was different from the action of CA+BZ. These data suggest that CA may interact with BZ. The differences in the RAPD profile of the Y strain of T. cruzi produced by BZ, CA+BZ and the natural course of the infection suggest selection/suppression of populations. Link to abstract/paper: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439965 Abstract BACKGROUND: There is no published information about the use of different protocols to administer a highly diluted medication.Evaluate the effect of different protocols for treatment with biotherapic T. cruzi 17 dH (BIOT(Tc17dH)) on clinical/parasitological evolution of mice infected with T. cruzi-Y strain. METHODS: A blind, randomized controlled trial was performed twice, using 60 28day-old male Swiss mice infected with T. cruzi-Y strain, in five treatment groups: CItreated with a 7% ethanol-water solution, diluted in water (10 µL/mL) ad libitum; BIOT(PI) -treated with BIOT(Tc17dH) in water (10 µL/mL) ad libitum during a period that started on the day of infection; BIOT(4DI) -treated with BIOT(Tc17dH) in water (10 µL/mL) ad libitum beginning on the 4th day of infection; BIOT(4-5-6) -treated with BIOT(Tc17dH) by gavage (0.2 mL/ animal/day) on the 4th, 5th and 6th days after infection; BIOT(7-8-9) -treated with BIOT(Tc17dH) by gavage (0.2 mL/ animal/day) on the 7th, 8th and 9th days after infection. We evaluated: parasitemia; total parasitemia (P(total)); maximum peak of parasites; prepatent period (PPP)time from infection to detection of the parasite in blood; patent period (PP) -period when the parasitemia can be detected in blood; clinical aspects; and mortality. RESULTS: Parasitological parameters in the BIOT(PI) and mainly in the BIOT(4PI) group showed better evolution of the infection compared to the control group (CI), with lower P(total), lower maximum peak of parasites, higher PPP, lower PP and longer survival times. These animals showed stable body temperature and higher weight gain and water consumption, with more animals having normal-appearing fur for longer periods. In contrast, groups BIOT(4-5-6) and BIOT(7-8-9) showed worse evolution of the infection compared to the control group, considering both parasitological and clinical parameters. The correlation analysis combined with the other data from this study indicated that the prepatent period is the best parameter to evaluate the effect of a medication in this model. CONCLUSIONS: The BIOT(4DI) group showed the best clinical and parasitological evolution, with lower parasitemia and a trend toward lower mortality and a longer survival period. The prepatent period was the best parameter to evaluate the effect of a medication in this model. Link to paper: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/352 Int J High Dilution Res. 2011;10(36):134-137. Biotherapic T. cruzi 17DH when continuously used clinically improves mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Aleixo DL, Ferreira EC, Braga CF, Lopes CR, Falkowski GJS , Sandri PF, de Araújo SM. Abstract Introduction: In Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the pathogenesis is the result of a rupture in the host -parasite relationship [1]. This rupture is related to the imbalance of the vital force of the host, expressed through signs and symptoms, defined by Hahnemann (1995) [2] as being the source of the disease. There is no research in the literature about the clinical evolution of mice experimentally infected with T. cruzi and treated in different ways using biotherapic. Therefore, this is an area to be studied in the future. Aim: To evaluate the effect of different ways of treatment using biotherapic T. cruzi 17 DH on clinical evolution of mice experimentally infected with T. cruzi. Materials and methods: A blind randomized controlled trial was performed, using 30 swiss male mice, aged 28 days, divided into groups according to the treatment: CONTROL -animals treated with 7% water-alcohol solution diluted in water given ad libitum in an amber bottle; GAVAGE -animals treated with medication highly diluted T. cruzi 17 DH from 4th to 9th day of infection by gavage; WATER -animals treated with highly diluted T. cruzi 17 DH in water ad libitum offered in an amber bottle until the end of the study period. The groups were infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi, intraperitoneal, 1400 blood trypomastigotes. The medicine was handled according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia [3] with microbiological test according to RDC n° 67 and in vivo biological risk. Parasitemic curve was determined by daily counting of the parasites [4]. Were measured temperature, weight, intake of water and feed, the ruffle fur and survival of mice. Statistical analysis was performed using the tests Fisher Exact and Log-Rank, with a significance of 5%. The experiment was approved under the protocol n° 030/2008 -Ethics in Animal Experimentation of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Results: The mice under different treatment ways using biotherapic T. cruzi 17DH showed differences in the clinical evolution. The treatment using biotherapic diluted in water initially shows hypothermia, with subsequent recovery of normal temperature (p=0.05) (Fig1). The weight curve shows a better evolution in mice treated with water compared to control groups (p=0.055) and the groups treated by gavage (p=0.0064). Feed and water intake did not differ among the groups. While the mice that were treated with biotherapic diluted in water showed a slight level of ruffled fur, the mice in control groups and the ones treated by gavage showed a more intense level of ruffled fur (p=0.00001). The difference in the evolution of mortality among the groups was significant (p=0.034), while in the group treated with biotherapic diluted with water, the mortality rate started later, reaching the maximum of 90%. This group showed a better clinical result, expressed by the smaller extent of ruffled fur, a better evolution of the temperature curve and higher gain of weight. This is an important result because the Y strain of T. cruzi has a mortality rate of 100% in mice, showing once again the good performance of biotherapic in this model of infection. Conclusion: The use of biotherapic T. cruzi 17DH for a long period causes clinical improvement of the infected mice with Trypanosoma cruzi. The clinical use of these results in human beings should consider the allometric medicine dosage which takes into account the metabolic rate of each organism. Link to abstract/paper: Res. 2011;10(36):138-141. Int J High Dilution Influence of age and ways of treatment in the parasitemia in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi treated with high potency biotherapy. Aleixo DL, Braga CF, Moreira NM, Massini PF, Brustolin CF, Ferraz FN, de Araújo SM. Abstract Background: The infection of mice by Trypanosoma cruzi is well known, making this a good model for understanding the effect of highly diluted medications. Mice of different ages show different responses to biotherapic T. cruzi [1]. Other data from our laboratory using biotherapic treatment at low potencies show that long lasting treatment has a better effect in mice infected with T. cruzi. However, the use of high potency biotherapics in mice of different ages infected with T. cruzi has not been analysed yet. Aim: To evaluate the effect of different ways of treatment using biotherapic 200 DH T. cruzi in the evolution of the curve of parasitemia of mice of different ages infected with T. cruzi. Materials and methods: A blind randomized controlled trial was performed using 107 swiss male mice, aged 28, 35 and 56 days, divided into groups: CONTROL(C)mice aged 28(C28), 38(C38) and 56(C56) days, treated with 7% water-alcohol solution diluted with water (1mL/100mL); ONE DAY(OD) -mice aged 28(OD28), 38(OD38) and 56(OD56) days, treated with highly diluted medication 200 DH T. cruzi in a single dose, diluted in water (10mL/100mL); EVERY DAY(ED) -mice aged 28(ED28), 38(ED38) and 56(ED56) days, treated with highly diluted medication 200DH T.cruzi until the end of the experiment, diluted in water(1mL/100mL). Amber bottle was used and the water was changed every two days. The groups were infected with strain Y-T. cruzi, intraperitoneal,1400 blood trypomastigotes. Medicines were handled according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia [2], with microbiological testing according to RDC n° 67 and in vivo biological risk. We compared the parasitemia curve and total parasitemia, determined daily counting of the parasites [3], obtained using the tests Kruskal-Wallis and Wald-Wolfowitz, Statistica 8.0, 5% significance. Approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation/ UEM -030/2008. Results: The animal age and the ways of treatment used influenced the evolution of the parasitemia curve. This evolution was different among different ages, and the youngest mice of the control group had higher averages of parasitemia (C28=1.4x106/mL; C38= 1.3 x106/mL and C56=1.0x106/mL ) (fig1). This evolution was not observed in the groups treated daily, in which 56 day-old mice presented a higher parasitemia compared to the other groups (ED28= 1.3x106/mL; ED38=0.9x106/mL and ED56=1.2x106/mL )(fig1b). For animals treated with a single dose, the energetic stimulus provided by biotherapic caused homogeneity of biological behavior, with significant elevation of parasitemia (OD28=1.8x106/mL; OD38=1.3x106/mL and OD56=1.5 x106/mL) (fig1c). Likewise, the single dose treatment invariably resulted in an increase of parasitemia when compared to other treatments within the same age group (fig1d-f). The treatment performed daily in animals aged 28 and 38 days showed a decrease in parasitemia (fig1d-f). For 56 day-old mice this fall was not observed (fig1f). The meaning of this finding should be better explored considering the physiological maturity versus the vital energy of mice of different ages. Conclusion: The age and the ways of treatment used are important factors to be considered when using a highly diluted medication. The clinical use of these results in humans, should take into consideration the allometric system of medication dosage which takes into account the metabolic rate of each organism. Link to abstract/paper: J High Dilution Res. 2011;10(36):163-166. Higher frequency of administration of biotherapic T. cruzi 17DH decreases parasitemia and increases survival in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Aleixo DL, Ferreira EC, Braga CF, Brustolin CF, Gomes ML, Pupulin ART, de Araújo SM. Abstract Introduction: The study of the effect of different ways of treatment using highly diluted substances is rare in the literature. Some authors consider the dose irrelevant, justifying that the action of the medication highly diluted is qualitative [1][2][3]. Others emphasize the importance of quantity and frequency of administration of the highly diluted substance for a successful treatment [4,5]. The model of murine infection by T. cruzi is widely studied and it is an excellent tool to study the effect of highly diluted substances. Aim: To evaluate, in vivo, the effect of different amounts and frequency of administration of the biotherapic 17 dH T. cruzi in the evolution of the parasitemia curve and survival of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Materials and methods: A blind randomised controlled trial was performed, using 30 swiss male mice, aged 28 days, divided into groups according to treatment: CONTROL -mice treated with 7% water-alcohol solution diluted in water given ad libitum in an amber bottle; GAVAGE -mice treated with medication highly diluted 17 DH T. cruzi from 4 th to 9 th day of infection by gavage; WATER -mice treated with highly diluted medication 17 DH T. cruzi in water ad libitum offered in an amber bottle until the end of the study period. The groups were infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi, intraperitoneal, 1400 blood trypomastigotes. The medicines was handled according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia [6] with microbiological test according to RDC n°. 67 and in vivo biological risk. Parasitemic curve was determined by daily counting of the parasites [7], the total parasitemia, peak parasites and survival. Data were compared using the BioEstat 5.0, ANOVA, with significance of 5%. The experiment was approved under the protocol n° 030/2008 -Ethics in Animal Experimentation of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Results: Animals treated with the medication highly diluted in water had lower level of total parasitemia and a lower peak of parasites compared to animals treated by gavage, or control group of infection (p = 0.0103 p = 0.0008). In the group treated by gavage both the total parasitemia and the peak of parasites were higher than the control group. Survival was greater in animals treated with biotherapic diluted with water (p = 0.0003) and by gavage (p = 0.0016) when compared with the control group. Among the different ways of treatment the use of medication diluted in water increased the survival of animals (p = 0.0013). The treatment by gavage once a day until the 9th day of infection increase the parasitemia and survival. The medication diluted in water showed better results with significant reduction of parasitemia and an increase of survival. This result may be related to the frequency with which the medication diluted in water was ingested by each animal, and the lower stress that this form of administration provides the animals. Conclusion: There is a difference in the effect of the medication highly diluted depending on the way of treatment used. For mice, the use of drug diluted in water offered frequently, results in better benefits. The clinical use of these results in humans, should consider the allometric system medication dosage which takes into account the metabolic rate of each organism. Link to abstract/paper: J High Dilution Res. 2012;11(40):170-171. Diluted benznidazole decreases side effects in animals infected by Trypanosoma cruzi and treated with benznidazole in ponderal dose. Aleixo DL, Ferraz FN, Spack M, Falkowski GJ, Brustolin CF, Arns R, da Veiga FK, de Araújo SM. Abstract Background: The infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi affects millions of people around the world and the benznidazole is the only drug available for the etiological treatment, despite the fact that its adverse effect makes the adherence to treatment more difficult. Taking advantage of the antiparasitic effect of benznidazole and minimizing its side effects, without causing discomfort symptoms to the patient, would be an important progress in the health care of individuals infected with T. cruzi. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different treatment regimens using diluted and ponderal benznidazole, associated or not, in murine infection with T. cruzi. Methodology: A hundred male Swiss mice 28 -year -old infected with 1400 blood trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi, were used in the experiment, divided into groups according to the treatment: Control (CI) -infected animals treated orally with 7% hydroalcoholic solution (vehicle of product preparation highly diluted) (N = 20); BZp -infected animals treated with BZ in ponderal dose (100 mg/kg/20days) from the detection of the infection (N = 20); BZh -infected animals treated with BZ highly diluted (30x) from the detection of the infection (N = 20), BZp+h -infected animals treated with a combination of BZ highly diluted (30x) + BZ in ponderal dose (100 mg / kg), from the detection of the infection (n= 20); BZp+hT4A -infected animals treated with the association of BZ in ponderal dose (100 mg / kg ) from the detection of the infection and BZ highly diluted (30x) four days after starting the treatment with BZp (N = 20). Clinical (body weight, water and food intake, amount of feces, temperature, aspect of the fur, mortality and survival time) and parasitological (total parasitemia and area under the parasitemia curve) parameters were evaluated. Results: It was observed a reduction of side effects associated with clinical improvement of the animals treated with the combination of BZ in ponderal dose and highly diluted given 4 days after (BZp+hT4A) or concurrently (BZp+h) with the beginning of the treatment with benznidazole in ponderal dose, with results statistically better than those observed in groups BZp, BZh e CI (p<0.05). In these groups, independent of the treatment schedule used (BZp+h, BZp+hT4A), the association of BZp with BZh did not alter significantly the suppressive effect of parasitemia observed in animals treated with BZp (p >0.05). In the group treated only with the BZ ultradiluted (BZh) the parasitemia remained high, resulting in the death of all animals within a period of 20 days as observed in the CI. Conclusions: The reduction of side effects, the improvement of the clinical evolution and non-compromising the parasiticide effect, show that the association of the benznidazole medication in ponderal dose and highly diluted should be further explored. Link to abstract/paper:
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.024 pmid:18638537 fatcat:3gghxymrjrcl5faeouapxxbsae