Australia and South Africa. TASC II brings up issues on epidemiology, management of cardiovascular risk factors, intermittent claudication, critical limb ischemia, acute limb ischemia, revascularization and vascular laboratory and imaging. Recommendations are presented, based on the level of evidence, and graded accordingly. Concerning risk factors it is evident that diabetes has reached the same level as smoking, with odds ratios 3-4, while still the male sex is overrepresented. However,

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... s start to be published in which critical limb ischemia seems to increase among the older female population. To find patients with silent PAD it is of great importance to let ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement be a routine examination in the family doctor's office. The recommendations by TASC II is to measure ABI in all patients with exertional leg symptoms, in all between 50-69 years of age who have a cardiovascular risk factor and in everyone, risk factors or not, above the age of 70 years.