Improving modularity and reusability are two key objectives in object-oriented programming. These objectives are achieved by applying several key concepts, such as data encapsulation and inheritance. A class in an object-oriented system is the basic unit of design. Assessing the quality of an object-oriented class may require flattening the class and representing it as it really is, including all accessible inherited class members. Thus, class flattening helps in exploring the impact of

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... nce on improving code quality. This paper explains how to flatten Java classes and discusses the relationship between class flattening and some applications of interest to software practitioners, such as refactoring and indicating external quality attributes.