PurposeQuestion-answering (QA) systems are being increasingly applied in learning contexts. However, the authors' understanding of the relationship between such tools and traditional QA channels remains limited. Focusing on question-answering learning activities, the current research investigates the effect of QA systems on students' learning processes and outcomes, as well as the interplay between two QA channels, that is, QA systems and communication with

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... hThe authors designed and implemented a QA system for two university courses, and collected data from questionnaires and system logs that recorded the interaction between students and the system throughout a semester.FindingsThe results show that using a QA system alone does not improve students' learning processes or outcomes. However, the use of a QA system significantly improves the positive effect of instructor communication.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on learning and education technology, and provides practical guidance on how to incorporate QA tools in learning.