The molecular mechanisms potentially responsible for cell transformation and tumorigenesis induced by cadmium, a human carcinogen, were investigated by differential gene expression analysis of BALB/c-3T3 cells transformed with cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)). Differential display analysis of gene expression revealed consistent overexpression of mouse translation initiation factor 3 (TIF3; GenBank accession number AF271072) in the cells transformed with CdCl(2) when compared with nontransformed

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... The predicted protein encoded by TIF3 cDNA exhibited 99% similarity to human eukaryotic initiation factor 3 p36 protein. A M(r) 36,000 protein was detected in cells transfected with an expression vector containing TIF3 cDNA. Transfection of NIH3T3 cells with an expression vector containing TIF3 cDNA resulted in overexpression of the encoded protein, and this was associated with cell transformation, as evidenced by the appearance of transformed foci exhibiting anchorage-independent growth on soft agar and tumorigenic potential in nude mice. Expression of the antisense RNA against TIF3 mRNA resulted in significant reversal of oncogenic potential of the CdCl(2)-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that the cell transformation and tumorigenesis induced by CdCl(2) are due, at least in part, to the overexpression of TIF3, a novel cadmium-responsive proto-oncogene.