In recent years, an important issue in the education field has been the determination of suitable methods of integrating generic skills into school subjects and the kinds of competencies to be developed. This study clarifies the approaches to fostering citizenship in the integration of literacy into social studies. The study focuses on two directions being pursued in the United States. The following features have emerged from this literature-based study. The first direction in integrating

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... cy into social studies is fostering "integrated thinkers." This type of integration emphasizes the ability to utilize disciplinary thinking to make sense of the world. Therefore, this type of lesson is constructed such that students understand civic life by accessing knowledge of the disciplines, based on an examination of various texts. The second direction is that of fostering "critical thinkers." This type of integration emphasizes the ability to contemplate about social injustice and then tackle it. Therefore, this type of lesson is constructed such that students identify the existence of social injustice through an examination of various texts and address current injustices by considering past social justice issues. Both directions integrate literacy into social studies with the goal of fostering citizenship in a democratic society. However, this study clarifies that there are differences in the competencies to be developed for citizenship as well as the approach for developing them, depending on the direction followed in integrating literacy into social studies.