On the number of connected components in the space of closed nondegenerate curves on $S_n$

B. Z. Shapiro, M. Z. Shapiro
1991 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society  
The main definition. A parameterized curve y\\ -» R n is called nondegenerate if for any t £ I the vectors y(t), ... , y^n\t) are linearly independent. Analogously y: I -• S n is called nondegenerate if for any tel the covariant derivatives y\t), ... , y (t) span the tangent hyperplane to S* at the point y{t) (compare with the notion of «-freedom in [G]).
doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1991-16028-3 fatcat:m3ee2r7kejacvh74t43oh3m2bi