Aims: The alarmin S100A8/S100A9 (S100A8/A9) is released by activated monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils in the setting lymphocytic myocarditis (MC). We recently demonstrated its therapeutic potential in experimental acute MC. Now, we investigated the diagnostic relevance of S100A8/A9 serum levels in patients with suspected acute and chronic MC and in patients with heart failure without cardiac inflammation. Methods and Results: Serum S100A8/A9 levels were analysed in patients with a recent

more »

... set of MC [≤ 30 days, n = 32; ejection fraction (EF): 45.4 ± 12.9%], dilated cardiomyopathy patients with inflammation (n = 112; EF: 29.0 ± 11.4%), or without inflammation (n = 58; EF: 26.6 ± 9.3%), and controls (n = 25; EF: 68.5 ± 4.6%), by using specific ELISAs. Blood samples were collected at Time Point 1 (T1), where also endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) were withdrawn. Patients with a recent onset of MC showed a 4.6-fold increase in serum S100A8/A9 levels vs. controls (MC: 1948 ± 1670 ng/mL vs. controls: 426 ± 307 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). Serum S100A8/A9 correlated with the disease activity, represented by EMB-derived counts of inflammatory cells (CD3: r = 0.486, P = 0.0047, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1: r = 0.558, P = 0.0009, macrophage-1 antigen: r = 0.434, P = 0.013), the EMB mRNA levels of S100A8, S100A9 (r = 0.541, P = 0.002), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF: r = 0.498, P = 0.0043). EMB immunofluorescence co-stainings display macrophages/monocytes and neutrophils as the main source of S100A8 and S100A9 in recent onset MC. The diagnostic value of serum alarmin levels (cut-off 583 ng/mL) was characterized by a specificity of 92%, a sensitivity of 90.6%, positive predictive value of 93.5%, negative predictive value of 88.5%, and an accuracy of 0.949 (95% confidence interval [0.89-1]). In a subgroup of MC patients, S100A8/A9 serum levels and EMBs at T1 (n = 12) and a follow-up visit (T2, n = 12, mean follow-up 8.5 months) were available. A fall of serum S100A8/A9 (T1: 2208 ± 1843 ng/mL vs. T2: 888 [...]