The contribution of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) in integrating non-conventional energy sources into the grid is significant; the integration of fuel cells with distributed energy sources is especially prominent as they provide a constant voltage and current for constant load applications. Still, there is a high demand for a high-quality power conditioning unit since there is an occurrence of frequent power spikes. Further, the circulating current (CC) in phase legs is an inherent

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... omenon of MMC that must be mitigated. Hence, this article proposed an MMC incorporating a fuzzy logic controller (FLC)-based technique to control the circulating currents. The fuzzy controller effectively reduced the harmonics of the CC in the dc-link system. In addition, phase-shifted carrier (PSC) modulation was employed for the MMC to improve the capacitor voltage balancing to maintain the constant input voltage. Moreover, a mathematical analysis of PSC modulation for MMC was performed to identify the PWM harmonic characteristics of the output voltage and the CC. The performance analysis of the proposed system was tested using the hardware in loop (HIL) simulation with the help of the real-time simulator OP-5700 to verify the feasibility.